Partial Bibliography

Preamble

Links are given below to some of Larry’s papers, to titles of his articles or chapters in eight books by others (1979-2007), to papers by colleagues, and to reviews of his book, Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control.

Links are given to a few selected publications by others (e.g. NIST) on flow or other process control topics. Links to selected data are also included.

Papers authored or co-authored by Larry are generally listed chronologically within five subject areas. These areas are: G (General or Basic), H (Liquid Level), N (NDT or Materials Evaluation), T (Temperature), and V (Flow). You can search all of these listings using Control F to find the next occurrence of a key word like "temperature" within any listed article. Most articles are copyrighted by the publishing organization. Some links provide information for retrieving an article. Chapters are grouped under G. A few entries involve flow and liquid level and therefore appear in categories V and H.

For links to his most-recent patents, and to >500 patents by others (as of November 2009) in which one or more of his 50 US patents are cited, see patents.html. Larry's 33 most recent US patents, 1977-2009, are also listed at patentgenius.com.

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G General or Basic

Chapters in books edited by others

• Ultrasonic Flowmeters, Chapter 5 in: Physical Acoustics - Principles and Methods, W. P. Mason and R. N. Thurston (Editors), Vol. 14, pp. 407-525, Academic Press (1979). (Link not found)
• Ultrasonics in Instrumentation, Chapter 38 in: Handbook of Measurement Science, Volume 3, Elements of Change, P. H. Sydenham and R. Thorn (Editors) ISBN: 0-471-92219-6, pp. 1655-1689 (1992). See Abstract, with links to full article.
• Ultrasonic Nonresonant Sensors, Chapter 8 in: Mechanical Sensors (Table of Contents) (H. H. Bau et al., Editors), VCH, pp. 285-329, (1994).
• Sensors, Acoustic by L.C. Lynnworth, pages 521-541 in: Trigg, George L. and Immergut, Edmund H. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Applied Physics Volume 17 VCH-Wiley [ISBN 3-527-28139-8] (1996).
• Industrial Process Control Sensors and Systems by Lynnworth, L. C. and Mágori, V., Chapter 4 in: Ultrasonic Instruments and Devices: Reference for Modern Instrumentation, Techniques, and Technology (on amazon.com), by E. P. Papadakis (Guest Editor), Vol. 23 in the series Physical Acoustics, Academic Press, pp. 275-470 (1999). (read online at google books)
• Ultrasonic Flowmeters (Practical Guide), by Al Brown and Larry Lynnworth, Chapter 20 in: Flow Measurement (2nd Edition) by David W. Spitzer (Editor), ISA, pp. 515-573 (2001).
• Article 119, Ultrasonic Instrumentation Principles, Vol. 2, pp. 802-809, and Article 120, Ultrasonic Instrumentation Design, Vol. 2, pp. 810-821 in: Handbook of Measuring System Design (Peter Sydenham and Richard Thorn, Editors), Wiley, ISBN 0-470-02143-8 (2005).
• Chapter 10, Waveguides in Acoustic Sensor Systems, pages 217-244, in C. H. Chen (Editor), Ultrasonic and Advanced Methods for Nondestructive Testing and Material Characterization, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore [www.worldscientific.com ISBN 978-981-270-409-2] (May 2007) Read online at books.google.com.

Articles

• Ultrasonic Impedance Matching from Solids to Gases, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol. su-12, No. 2, pp. 37-48 (1965).
• Ultrasonic Determination of Transport Properties of Monatomic Gases at High Temperatures (abstract) by E. H. Carnevale, L. C. Lynnworth, and G. S. Larson, Parametrics, Inc. (later Panametrics, Inc.) Waltham, Massachusetts, which appeared in The Journal of Chemical Physics, Volume 46, Issue 8, pp. 3040-3047 (April 15, 1967).
• Industrial Applications of Ultrasound - A Review II. Measurements, Tests, and Process Control Using Low-Intensity Ultrasound, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics Vol. su-22, No. 2, 71-101 (March 1975).
• Energy Transmission Coefficients at Liquid/Solid Interfaces, by L.C. Lynnworth and J.N.C. Chen, Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 575-578, IEEE (1975).
• A Simplified Formula for the Analysis of Binary Gas Containing a Low Concentration of a Heavy Vapor in a Lighter Carrier (reference to paper) by G. Hallewell and L. Lynnworth, Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 1311-1316, IEEE (1994).
• Acoustically Isolated Paired Air Transducers for 50-, 100, 200-, or 500-kHz Applications, by Lynnworth, L.C.; Nguyen, T.H.; Smart, C.D.; Khrakovsky, O.A., IEEE Trans Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Vol. 44 No. 5 pp. 1087-1100 (Sep 1997).
• Rule of Thumb, describing a simple way to estimate gas density (at standard conditions) in pounds per m³, by dividing its molecular weight by ten, appearing in Flow Control Vol. 6, No. 6, p. 33 (June 2000). Note: essentially the same article is online as PDF here: UR-232: Rule of Thumb for Quick Conversion of Molecular Weight to Density in lb/m3 (Pounds Per Cubic Meter) for Ideal Gases at Standard Conditions, including Table 1.
• A short letter to the editor, commenting on an article about packing circles within a circle, in Science News Vol. 159 (No. 16) 254 (April 21, 2001).
• Measurements at the Speed of Ultrasound appeared in The Bent of Tau Beta Pi, pages 10-13 (Summer 2000). Some additional material was appended in June 2002 in a Panametrics Ultrasonic Report.
• Special Issue on High Temperature Transducers and Buffers. L.C. Lynnworth, Yi Liu, and John A. Umina, Extensional Bundle Waveguide Techniques for Measuring Flow of Hot Fluids, IEEE Trans UFFC Vol. 52 Number 4, pages 538-544 (April 2005).

H Liquid Level

• High Temperature, High Pressure Water Level Sensor by G.N. Miller, R.L. Anderson, S.C. Rogers, L.C. Lynnworth, W.B. Studley, and W.R. Wade, Proc. Ultrasonics Symp, pp. 877-881, IEEE (1980).
• Torsional Sensor Applications in Two-Phase Fluids by Jin O. Kim, Haim H. Bau, Yi Liu, Lawrence C. Lynnworth, Steven A. Lynnworth, Kimberly A. Hall, Saul A. Jacobson, James A. Korba, Robert J. Murphy, Michael A. Strauch, and Kyle G. King, 1993 IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. 40 No. 5 pp. 563-576 (1993).
• 300°C Clamp-On Ultrasonic Transducers for Measuring Water Flow and Level, by Lynnworth, L.C., Jossinet, G., and Chérifi, E., pp. 407-412, in Vol. 1 Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium, IEEE (1996).
• Flexural Wave Sidewall Sensor for Noninvasive Measurement of Discrete Liquid Levels in Large Storage Tanks pp. 385-390 by Yi Liu and L.C. Lynnworth in: Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium (1993).
• Improved Shear Wave Hockey Stick Transducer Measures Liquid Flow and Liquid Level, by Larry Lynnworth, Lena Steingard, Oleg Khrakovsky, Ed Machado, Chris Smart, and Toan Nguyen. This paper appears in: Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 1, pp. 865-870 (1997).
• Liquid Level Torsional Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensor, by William K. Spratt, John F. Vetelino and Lawrence C. Lynnworth, pp. 663-668 in: 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.
• Torsional Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensor, by William K. Spratt, John F. Vetelino and Lawrence C. Lynnworth, pp. 702-706 in: 2010 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.

N NDT or Materials Evaluation

• Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Plastic Tensile Specimens, General Radio Experimenter, Vol. 37, Numbers 2 & 3, pages 7-9 (February-March 1963).
• Inspection of Material Uniformity and Thickness Using Dielectric Measurements, Proc. of the Fourth International Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (book), Butterworths, pp. 283-290 (1964).
• Low Cost Noncontact Thickness Gage by L.C. Lynnworth, Applied Optics Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 92-104 (Jan. 1963). (Link unavailable)
• Audio-Frequency Characterization of Radar-Absorbing Material by L.C. Lynnworth, Proc. IEEE Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 98-99 (Jan. 1964). (Link unavailable)
• Ultrasonic Testing of Solids at Elevated Temperatures by L.C. Lynnworth and E.H. Carnevale, in the book Proc. of the Fifth International Conference on Nondestructive Testing (search here), Queen's Printer, Ottawa, pp. 300-307, 1969 (presented in Montreal, 1967).
  
  [Figure 5 in this 1967 paper shows a "Model 5000," the first of several Panatherm® ultrasonic intervalometers sold by Panametrics. A slightly-later version, designated Model 5010, also designed and manufactured for Panametrics by the Gordon Engineering Company ca. 1970, was in use over ~thirty years later, in 2004, for elastic moduli studies: Nathan P. Lower, Richard K. Brow, and Charles R. Kurkjian, Inert Failure Strains of Sodium Aluminosilicate Glass Fibers, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 344, pp. 17-21 (2004).]
• Among titles in ASNT's Materials Evaluation, authored or co-authored by Larry and indexed using MEIndex.pdf are the following: Ultrasonic Inspection of Reinforced Plastics and Resin-Ceramic Composites, Carlton H. Hastings, S.A. LoPilato and L.C. Lynnworth, Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 340–346 (Sep-Oct 1961); Ultrasonic Probes Using Shear Wave Crystals, Part 1, Principles, Materials Evaluation, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1967, pp. 265-277; Use of Ultrasonics for High-Temperature Measurements, Materials Evaluation Vol.27 (3) 60-66 (March 1969); Attenuation Measurements Using the Pulse-Echo AB Method, Without Multiple Echo Reverberations in Specimen, Materials Evaluation Vol. 31 (1) 6-16 (January 1973); Transverse Shear to Torsion Mode Converter and Applications, Toan H. Nguyen, Christopher D. Smart and L. C. Lynnworth, Materials Evaluation Vol. 62 No. 6 pp. 690-698 (June 2004). See next bullet for a complete paper archived in 2004 by ASNT.
• Shear Wave Polarization Follows Twist of Rectangular Steel Bar (full paper), by James C. Hurd and Toan H. Nguyen (GE Panametrics), and Lawrence C. Lynnworth (Lynnworth Technical Services), in ASNT's Materials Evaluation Vol 62 (1) 37-42 (January 2004).
• The 1971 ASTM paper by L. C Lynnworth and J. E. Bradshaw, Magnetostriction Transducer for Acoustic Emission, Impulse Vibration, and Noise Analysis, Materials Research and Standards, Vol. 11, No 3, pp 33-35 (March 1971) twenty-nine years later was cited as Ref. 1 in the 2000 paper Generation and Detection of Elastic Guided Waves with Magnetoelastic Device for the Nondestructive Evaluation of Steel Cables and Bars by Laguerre, Aime and Brissaud, presented at the 15th World Conference on NDT, Rome (2000).
• Sound Speed and Density Characterization of Milk Adulterated with Melamine, by Luis Elvira, Jaime Rodríguez, and Lawrence Lynnworth, Vol. 5, No. 5, May 2009, Express Letters section of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Please click here for free access to full article.

T Temperature

• See Chapter 5, Temperature Applications, pp. 369-422, and references cited, in Larry's book, Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control (1989).
• Mi et al. PDF gives the complete paper by Mi, Zhang, Zhang and Yang, presented at the Fifteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 22-27, 2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. That paper includes as ref [2] of 6 references, L.C. Lynnworth and E.H. Carnevale, Ultrasonic Thermometry Using Pulse Techniques, that appeared 31 years earlier in the book Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, pp. 715-732, ISA (1972).
• E.P. Papadakis, L.C. Lynnworth, D.R. Patch, and E.H. Carnevale, NYO-3906-13, Ultrasonic Thermometry for LMFBR Systems, Final Report on work performed for US Atomic Energy Commission (1972). Includes information on Panatherm® 5010 Ultrasonic Intervalometer.
• Power Distribution for an Am/Cm Bushing Melter by Gong and Hardy, Proc. ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Conf., Orlando FL (1996) includes the reference: E.P. Papadakis, K.A. Fowler, L.C. Lynnworth, A. Robertson and E.D. Zysk, Ultrasonic Measurements of Young's Modulus and Extensional Wave Attenuation in Refractory Metal Wires at Elevated Temperatures with Application to Ultrasonic Thermometry, J Applied Physics Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 2409-2420 (June 1974).
• A.R. Barber, K.E. Kneidel, C.S. Fitzgerald, and L.C. Lynnworth, Ultrasonic Temperature Profiling System for Determining Critical Heat Flux in Nonuniformly Heated Tube Bundles, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 101, pp. 622-627 (Nov. 1979).

V Flow

• Ultrasonic Flowmeter Cell Designs for Liquids, Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 678-681, IEEE (1974).
• EPRI/ASME PDF includes the reference: Lynnworth, L.C., Matson, J.E., Bradshaw, J.E., Hall, K.A., Jacobson, S., Kucmas, P.G., Murphy, R.J., Nguyen, T.H., and Talcherkar, N.S., Point, Line and Area-Averaging Ultrasonic Flow Measurements in Ducts and Stacks. EPRI/ASME Heat Rate Improvement Conference. Birmingham, Alabama (1992). A link to a more comprehensive document (by others) is: here
• 300°C Clamp-On Ultrasonic Transducers for Measuring Water Flow and Level, by Lynnworth, L.C., Jossinet, G., and Chérifi, E., pp. 407-412, Vol. 1, Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium, IEEE (1996).
• Buffer Waveguides for Flow Measurement in Hot Fluids by Liu, Y., Lynnworth, L.C., and Zimmerman, M.A., Ultrasonics, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 305-315 (February 1998).
• Steam Flowmeters, by Urata, Y., Freeke, J., Matson, J.E., Lynnworth, L.C., pp. 545-550, Vol. 1, Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium, IEEE (1998).
• High-Temperature Flow Measurement with Wetted and Clamp-On Ultrasonic Sensors (full paper), by Larry Lynnworth, Sensors 16 (10) 36-52 (Oct. 1999).
• Hockey Stick Developments Extend Range, Improve Accuracy of Clamp-On Flow Measurements by Brita J. Dean and L.C. Lynnworth, Proc Ultrasonics Symp., pp. 761-765, IEEE (1999).
• Ultrasonic Flow Measurement at High, Cryo or Ordinary Temperatures Using Wetted and Clamp-On Transducers by Martin Bragg (Panametrics Limited, Unit 2 Villiers Court, 40 Upper Mulgrave Road, Cheam Surrey SM2 7AJ, England), Rory McMahon (Panametrics Limited, Bay 148, Shannon Airport, Shannon, County Clare, Ireland), Per Fredrickson (Panametrics AB, Box 160, 147 23 Tumba, Sweden) and Larry Lynnworth (Panametrics, Inc., 221 Crescent Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453-3497, USA). Version October 14, 1999. Presented in part at the North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop, Gardermoen Norway (October 25-28, 1999).
• Ultrasonic Flow Measurement, at Ordinary Temperatures, Using Wetted and Clamp-On Transducers, by Larry Lynnworth, Flow Control Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 28-37 (Feb. 2000).
• Transit Time Ultrasonic Flowmeters Stretch Their Application Reach, by Larry Lynnworth. Invited for Control Solutions Special Issue on Flow, Instrumentation and Control Systems, Vol. 73, No. 11, pp. 28-34 (November 2000).
• Clamp-On Ultrasonic Flowmeters (full paper) by Larry Lynnworth in Sensors Vol. 18, No. 8, pp. 50-59 (August 2001).
• Transit-time Ultrasonic Flowmeters for Gases, presented at and published in part in the Proc. 41st Annual CGA (Canadian Gas Association) Gas Measurement School, Grand Okanagan, Kelowna BC, Canada, June 4-6, 2002 by Jeffrey Walters, Procon Systems, 9310 – 60th Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6E 0C1 Canada [Presenter] Phone: 780-437-0244, Fax: 780-438-2893, Jack W. Smalling, Consultant, Baytown, Texas and Shirley Ao, Jim Hill and Larry Lynnworth, Panametrics, Inc., Waltham Massachusetts.
• Ultrasonic Mass Flowmeters Using Clamp-On or Wetted Transducers, presented at and published in the Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Arlington, Virginia, held April 7-10, 2002. Panametrics authors: Jed Matson (presenter), Charles F. Mariano, Oleg Khrakovsky, and Larry Lynnworth (2002).
• Measurement of the Flow of Superheated Water in Blowdown Pipes at MP2 Using an Ultrasonic Clamp-On Method (Version March 20, 2002), by Robert N. Burnham*, Robert A. McCarey, Jr.**, Oleg A. Khrakovsky,** and Lawrence C. Lynnworth** , © 2002 Panametrics, Inc. [*Dominion Nuclear Connecticut, Inc., **Panametrics, Inc. Waltham MA]
• Clamp-On Shear Transducers Simplify Torsional and Extensional Investigations (abstract, see paper P1U-K-9 on pp. 222-223), by L. C. Lynnworth, R. Cohen and T. H. Nguyen, pp. 1603-1607, in Proc. Ultrasonics Symposium, IEEE (2004). Errata notice: Greek letters are missing in this article in the Proceedings.
• BWT-April.2005 IEEE TUFFC Special Issue on High Temperature Transducers and Buffers incudes the paper: Lawrence C. Lynnworth (Lynnworth Technical Services), Yi Liu (GE Sensing, Shanghai), and John A. Umina (GE Sensing, Billerica MA), Extensional Bundle Waveguide Techniques for Measuring Flow of Hot Fluids, IEEE Trans UFFC, Vol. 52, No. 4, pages 538-544 (April 2005).
• In mid-2005, Larry Lynnworth and Yi Liu co-authored the invited paper, Ultrasonic Flowmeters: Half-Century Progress Report, 1955-2005. On September 1, 2005 Larry presented this paper at the WCU/UI'05 (World Congress on Ultrasonics, merged with Ultrasonics International 2005 conference) in Beijing China. Ultrasonics 44 (Supplement 1) e1371-e1378 (22 December 2006); dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.046. [http://www.wcu-ui-05.com]
• Vortex Shedder Fluid Flow Sensor (abstract), by Lawrence C. Lynnworth et al., IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 1488-1496, December 2006.
• Bundle Buffer Measures Flow at Temperature Extremes: Techniques Adapted from Historical Ultrasonic Waveguide Research by Larry Lynnworth, in Flow Control Vol. XIII No. 3, pp. 36-43, March 2007.

Related technology

This section lists links to papers not by Larry, but authored or co-authored by one or more of Larry's present or former colleagues, or pre-acquisition customers of Panametrics, Inc. with whom Larry collaborated.

• An ultrasonic level and temperature sensor for power reactor applications, W. B. Dress and G. N. Miller, Oak Ridge National Laboratory report TM-9236 & NUREG report CR-3856 (August 1984); full report available online.
• Multipath flowrate measurements of symmetric and asymmetric flows by M. Rychagov and S. Tereshchenko, Inverse Problems 16 pp. 495-504 (2000).
  
  [This is one of several papers by Rychagov et al., based in part on support from CRDF (Civilian Research and Development Foundation). See, for example, CRDF's link. Rychagov was the PI (Principal Investigator) for the Russian team and Lynnworth was PI for the Panametrics' USA team, on the project Imaging of Fluid Flow by Tomographic Reconstruction Using Enhanced Multipath (EM) Ultrasonic Measurements.]
• Squirter, Roller Probe, and Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Transducer Techniques for Low Frequency Inspection of Advanced Composites Materials, by Daniel J. Cotter, Thomas E. Michaels, Jennifer E. Michaels, Daniel Kass, Matthew E. Stanton, Igor V. Kosenko, and Frederick H. C. Hotchkiss, Panametrics Inc., Waltham, MA 02453-3497, presented at 15th World Conference NDT Rome (2000).
• White paper PDF: Excerpts from this ultrasonic report appear in the Proceedings of the Texas A&M Symposium (January 2002) in the following paper: Ultrasonic Flow Measurement: Technology and Applications in Process and Multiple Vent Stream Situations, by Robert A. Rabalais, Dow Chemical USA, Louisiana Division, Plaquemine LA and Larry Sims, Panametrics Inc. (2002).
• Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Measurement of Natural Gas, Steam and Compressed Air, by Xiaolei Shirley Ao, Jed Matson, Peter Kucmas, Oleg Khrakovsky and Xuesong Scott Li, Panametrics, Waltham, MA, presented at and published in Proc. 5th ISFFM (Int'l Symposium Fluid Flow Measurement), (April 2002).

Editorial Reviews of Larry's Book

• amazon.com This is a link to all of Amazon's online editorial reviews of Larry's 1989 book, Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control: Theory, Techniques, Applications.

Selected Presentations

• Larry's talks in Norway, May 2000
• Larry spoke at CSIRO, Lucas Heights, Australia in September 2001, on Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control. Part of this talk dealt with Clamp-On Flowmeters for Gases, coincidentally the title of a one-page article in Chemical Engineering in Australia Newsletter, Vol. ChE 26, No. 3, p. 9 (Sept 2001). This 2001 article is viewable with this link.
• Guided Ultrasonic Waves Lecture at UMass Dartmouth, June 21, 2004

Selected Publications by Others

• NIST Technical Notes electronic versions of selected publications written by NIST staff. Topics include: Density, Liquid Flow Calibrations, and Ultrasonic Flow Meters.
• Elastic Moduli of Ceramics
• Development of Ultrasonic Thermometry for Application in LMFBR Safety Research by M. E. Field, pp. 450-455, Proc. Ultrasonics Symp, IEEE (1984); Sandia Report SAND84-1341 (May 1986).
• Links to online teaching aids for ultrasonics are available at the IEEE Ultrasonics Teaching Resources page, which provides links to review tutorials and other literature related to a variety of ultrasonic applications. Some resources may require IEEE UFFC membership.

NASA Tech Brief articles & NASA New Technology Awards

This section lists four NASA Tech Brief articles on R&D work by Larry and colleagues, 1968, 1970, 1973 & 1993, and two corresponding NASA New Technology Awards, 1973 & 1993.

• NASA Tech Brief 68-10319, Ultrasonic Temperature Measuring Device, Contract LEW-10446 (August 1968).
• NASA Tech Brief 70-10137, Ultrasonic Propagation in Gases at High Temperatures, September 1970, by E. H. Carnevale, S. Uva, C. A. Carey, and Larry; reference: AD-670192 (N68-30724); HQN-10498
• NASA Tech Brief B73-10051, Prototype Ultrasonic Instrument for Quantitative Testing, February 1973, by Larry and colleagues John L. Dubois and Paul R. Kranz; New Technology Award/Certificate of Recognition related to technology developed under NASA contract NAS8-26931 (December 7, 1973).
• Slow-Wave Acoustic Isolation for Measurement of Flow, New Technology Award related to NASA Tech Brief Vol. 17, No. 11, page 32 (November 1993).

Vaaler Awards

Two ultrasonic products introduced by Panametrics, Inc. in the mid-1980s, partly based on US patents 4,735,097 (LCL) and 4,754,650 (JWS, LDB & LCL), received Vaaler Awards in 1984 and 1986. For general information on Vaaler biennial awards from Chemical Processing Magazine, see leica-geosystems.com.

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